Byrons Depression Reflected in Manfred Essay -- Depression Manfred E

Byron's Swiss tour and Manfred hit close to home for me. Not because I have traveled Switzerland, but because at one time in my life, I also experienced feelings of alienation and hopelessness. Therefore, I was quite intrigued by Dr Miall's notion of trauma in Manfred. I think he makes a compelling argument, especially when he pairs the notion of trauma with Freud's theory on the causes of trauma, but I do not necessarily agree with him entirely. While Dr Miall's theory is sound, I do not think his definition of trauma is clearly defined. I think a better, but not nearly as interesting theory, is that of depression. Although the symptoms of both psychological disorders are almost indistinguishable, their sources are quite different. I will distinguish the differences and sources between posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Then I will try to show how Byron suffers from depression, not the result of trauma. Trauma is "[a] psychic injury, esp. one caused by emotional shock the memory of which is repressed and remains unhealed; an internal injury, esp. to the brain, which may result in a behavioural disorder of organic origin. Also, the state or condition so caused" ("trauma," def. 2a). Trauma is often the cause of posttraumatic stress disorder, which although is not defined in Dr Miall's notes, did however come up in class. Posttraumatic stress disorder "involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event" (Weiten 544). By looking at that definition, Dr Miall's theory does apply; however, Weiten's textbook reveals that the types of trauma that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder, from the most prevalent to the least, for men (since the discussion is about Byron) are: w... ...ces of trauma and the sources of depression. Both lead to the same symptoms, but I think depression better represents Byron's state of mind. Freud's theory on trauma can work if one sees Manfred/Byron suffering from trauma, but it does not work if one sees him as suffering from depression. I must admit that I am biased in my conclusion. I am drawn to my theory based on my own personal experiences. Works Cited Byron, George Gordon. Manfred. Romanticism: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Ed. Duncan Wu. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1998. 718-751. "trauma." Def. 2a. The Oxford English Dictionary Online. 1989. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. University of Alberta Library. Edmonton, Alberta. 3 April 2005. http://dictionary.oed.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/. Weiten, Wayne. Psychology: Themes and Variations. 5th ed. Toronto, Ontario: Wadsworth, 2001. Byron's Depression Reflected in Manfred Essay -- Depression Manfred E Byron's Swiss tour and Manfred hit close to home for me. Not because I have traveled Switzerland, but because at one time in my life, I also experienced feelings of alienation and hopelessness. Therefore, I was quite intrigued by Dr Miall's notion of trauma in Manfred. I think he makes a compelling argument, especially when he pairs the notion of trauma with Freud's theory on the causes of trauma, but I do not necessarily agree with him entirely. While Dr Miall's theory is sound, I do not think his definition of trauma is clearly defined. I think a better, but not nearly as interesting theory, is that of depression. Although the symptoms of both psychological disorders are almost indistinguishable, their sources are quite different. I will distinguish the differences and sources between posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Then I will try to show how Byron suffers from depression, not the result of trauma. Trauma is "[a] psychic injury, esp. one caused by emotional shock the memory of which is repressed and remains unhealed; an internal injury, esp. to the brain, which may result in a behavioural disorder of organic origin. Also, the state or condition so caused" ("trauma," def. 2a). Trauma is often the cause of posttraumatic stress disorder, which although is not defined in Dr Miall's notes, did however come up in class. Posttraumatic stress disorder "involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event" (Weiten 544). By looking at that definition, Dr Miall's theory does apply; however, Weiten's textbook reveals that the types of trauma that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder, from the most prevalent to the least, for men (since the discussion is about Byron) are: w... ...ces of trauma and the sources of depression. Both lead to the same symptoms, but I think depression better represents Byron's state of mind. Freud's theory on trauma can work if one sees Manfred/Byron suffering from trauma, but it does not work if one sees him as suffering from depression. I must admit that I am biased in my conclusion. I am drawn to my theory based on my own personal experiences. Works Cited Byron, George Gordon. Manfred. Romanticism: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Ed. Duncan Wu. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1998. 718-751. "trauma." Def. 2a. The Oxford English Dictionary Online. 1989. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. University of Alberta Library. Edmonton, Alberta. 3 April 2005. http://dictionary.oed.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/. Weiten, Wayne. Psychology: Themes and Variations. 5th ed. Toronto, Ontario: Wadsworth, 2001.

Greek Theater in 5th Century BCE Essay -- essays research papers

Greek Theatre in 5th Century BCE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ancient Greeks, probably one of the most fascinating civilizations to study contributed several discoveries and technological advancements. One can not discuss the Greeks without discussing Greek Theatre though. Greek Theater paved the way for literature and art in later history in many ways. If it wasn’t for Greek Theatre famous play writers like Shakespeare would have never done what they are so very well known for. When studying Greek Theatre it is virtually impossible not to hear about it in the 5th Century BCE, and that is because the 5th Century BCE was rather exciting when it came to Greek Theatre.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The origin of Greek Theatre in 5th Century BCE is not known. Dozens of hypotheses exist, but there is not really any conclusive hard evidence. What is known on the other hand is that tragedies were first performed in Athens in 6th Century BCE, and that they were very simple. They only had one actor and one chorus. In the 5th Century BCE this changed though. A second and third actor were added to plays, but there were no more then three speaking actors on stage at once. Throughout 5th Century BCE the average size of the chorus was twelve through fifteen members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theatrical performances were part of the worship of the god Dionysus, the god of fertility and wine. Out of the four festivals of worship for Dionysus, two them included theatrical perfo...

A Seperate Peace :: essays research papers

Devon is a safe haven away from the rest of the world. A war is going on, but at Devon the boys are playing around a river and creating new games like blitzball and not worrying about the problems boys only a few years older than them are facing. Devon is at peace, separate from the fighting and loss many people in the world are facing while Finny, Gene, and other boys are forming a special club just for their group of friends. At Devon the boys know about the war and even have people coming to get them to enlist, but still the war does not hit home. They are still at peace and do not see the reality of the war. What they see are mostly videos brought to them to encourage them to enlist, and those do not come close to showing then the true terror of war. At the beginning of the novel, the boys have not yet been drafted like those a few years ahead of their class. They have not trained for war, and most do not see it as much of a threat. A few boys are ready to enlist, and some do not even consider it. Phineas says he does not even believe there is a war at all, and he partly convinces Gene of this idea as well. The war doesn’t hit any of them until Leper, the first to enlist, goes to war and comes back a complete mess. Although not children, they are not quite adults, and they share a rare time of carefree play that is completely isolated from the war. These young boys are separate from the reality of the world while they continue their studies just as they had always done, with the only difference being an extra school session in the summer. They have no concept of the danger many people are facing. At such a young age, the war seems so distant and unreal, maybe even fake. According to Witherington, "War is only make-believe on the fields and rivers of Devon.

Fixed Income Securities

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 1 (Questions are in bold print followed by answers. ) 2. What is meant by a mortgage-backed security? A mortgage-backed security is a security backed by one or more mortgage loans. Like a bond that is callable, a mortgage-backed security allows the investor to grant the borrower an option. 4. What is the cash flow of a 10-year bond that pays coupon interest semiannually, has a coupon rate of 7%, and has a par value of $100,000? The principal or par value of a bond is the amount that the issuer agrees to repay the bondholder at the maturity date.The coupon rate multiplied by the principal of the bond provides the dollar amount of the coupon (or annual amount of the interest payment). A 10-year bond with a 7% annual coupon rate and a principal of $100,000 will pay semiannual interest of (0. 07/2)($100,000) = $3,500 for 10(2) = 20 periods. Thus, the cash flow is $3,500. In addition to this periodic cash, the issuer of the bond is obligated to pay back th e principal of $100,000 at the time the last $3,500 is paid. 6. Give three reasons why the maturity of a bond is important.There are three reasons why the term to maturity of a bond is important. First, the term to maturity indicates the time period over which the holder of the bond can expect to receive the coupon payments and the number of years before the principal will be paid in full. Second, the term to maturity is important because the yield on a bond depends on it. The shape of the yield curve determines how the term to maturity affects the yield. Third, the price of a bond will fluctuate over its life as yields in the market change.The volatility of a bond’s price is dependent on its maturity. More specifically, with all other factors constant, the longer the maturity of a bond, the greater the price volatility resulting from a change in market yields. 8. Explain whether or not an investor can determine today what the cash flow of a floating-rate bond will be. Floati ng-rate bonds are issues where the coupon rate resets periodically based on a general formula equal to the reference rate plus the quoted margin. The reference rate is some index subject to change.The exact change is unknown and uncertain. Thus, an investor cannot determine today what the cash flow of a floating-rate bond will be in the future. 10. What is an inverse-floating-rate bond? While the coupon on floating-rate bonds reliant on an interest rate benchmark typically rises as the benchmark rises and falls as the benchmark falls, there are issues whose coupon interest rate moves in the opposite direction from the change in interest rates. Such issues are called inverse floaters. 12. (a) What is meant by an amortizing security?The principal repayment of a bond issue can be for either the total principal to be repaid at maturity or for the principal to be repaid over the life of the bond. In the latter case, there is a schedule of principal repayments. This schedule is called an amortization schedule. Loans that have this amortizing feature are automobile loans and home mortgage loans. There are securities that are created from loans that have an amortization schedule. These securities will then have a schedule of periodic principal repayments.Such securities are referred to as amortizing securities. (b) Why is the maturity of an amortizing security not a useful measure? For amortizing securities, investors do not talk in terms of a bond’s maturity. This is because the stated maturity of such securities only identifies when the final principal payment will be made. The repayment of the principal is being made over time. 14. What does the call feature in a bond entitle the issuer to do? The most common type of option embedded in a bond is a call feature.This provision grants the issuer the right to retire the debt, fully or partially, before the scheduled maturity date. 16. What does the put feature in a bond entitle the bondholder to do? An issue wit h a put provision included in the indenture grants the bondholder the right to sell the issue back to the issuer at par value on designated dates. The advantage to the bondholder is related to the possibility that if interest rates rise after the issue date (thereby reducing a bond’s price) the bondholder can force the issuer to redeem the bond at par value. 8. How do market participants gauge the default risk of a bond issue? It is common to define credit risk as the risk that the issuer of a bond will fail to satisfy the terms of the obligation with respect to the timely payment of interest and repayment of the amount borrowed. This form of credit risk is called default risk. Market participants gauge the default risk of an issue by looking at the default rating or credit rating assigned to a bond issue by one of the three rating companies—Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch. 0. Does an investor who purchases a zero-coupon bond face reinvestment risk? The calculation of the yield of a bond assumes that the cash flows received are reinvested. The additional income from such reinvestment, sometimes called interest-on-interest, depends on the prevailing interest-rate levels at the time of reinvestment, as well as on the reinvestment strategy. Variability in the reinvestment rate of a given strategy because of changes in market interest rates is called reinvestment risk.This risk is that the interest rate at which interim cash flows can be reinvested will fall. Reinvestment risk is greater for longer holding periods, as well as for bonds with large, early cash flows, such as high-coupon bonds. For zero-coupon bonds, interest is reinvested at the same rate as the coupon rate. This eliminates any risk associated with the possibility that coupon payments will be reinvested at a lower rate. However, if rates go up, then the zero coupon bond will fall in value because its â€Å"locked-in† rate is below the higher market rate. 22.W hat is meant by marking a position to market? Marking a position to market means that periodically the market value of a portfolio must be determined. Thus, it can refer to the practice of reporting the value of assets on a market rather than book value basis. Marking to market can also refer to settling or reconciling changes in the value of futures contracts on a daily basis. 24. What is risk risk? There have been new and innovative structures introduced into the bond market. Money managers do not always understand the risk/return characteristics of these securities.Risk risk is defined as not knowing what the risk of a security is because those involved in issuing and buying securities are not aware of what can happen. There are two ways to mitigate or eliminate risk risk. The first approach is to keep up with the literature on the state-of-the-art methodologies for analyzing securities. The second approach is to avoid securities that are not clearly understood. 26. What is a pri ce-risk-transferring innovation? A price-risk-transferring innovation is an innovation that provides market participants with more efficient means for dealing with price or exchange rate risk.

Data Commentary Practice

GRP 5: KONG Chao, MAO Mao, ZHOU Tingting Figure 1 indicates the corresponding percentages of students’ correct answers to comprehension tasks at different thermal environment. According to it, we can tell that students' accuracy in answering questions changes when their environment gets hotter. As can be seen, they answered with higher accuracy at 23. 5? C, and kept the percentages of correct answers around 80%.A peak of approximate 85% was reached when the sessions went for 2 hours (120 minutes). Although during the first 1. 5 hours (90 minutes) students responded even more correctly at 20? C, the accuracy percentage then decreased to about 65% in the following time. As for situations at 27? C, it seemed that students showed a relatively lower degree of accuracy in the whole sessions, and the correct answers accounted for around 65% and never went beyond 70%.After this, another experiment was conducted with all factors staying the same, except a change in the tasks dealt from English comprehension to mathematics. Results are displayed in Figure 2. It’s easily to notice that at 23. 5? C students answered also around 80% questions correctly during the 3-hour math session, and performed better 2 hours (120 minutes) later at accuracy of 85%. However the highest accuracy in the first 1. 5 hours (90 minutes) was corresponding to the environment temperature setting at 20?C, and 85% it represented. With time passing, there were more and more wrong answers and the accordingly down-sloping trend of accuracy stopped at the end of the session, at approximate 75%, which were still 10% higher than the best correct answer percentage at 27? C students could get. The corresponding ratio of right answers began at 60%, then followed an increase and mounted at 65% 2 hours (120 minutes)later. Then it tended to drop slightly, and finally fell to 63%.From what have been observed in both Figure 1 and Figure 2, it is quite clearly that thermal environment do have an effe ct on students' performance. Moreover, what particularly noteworthy is that 23. 5? C proves to be better linked with a better performance on accuracy at the most time. This temperature ensures 80% of responses correct during a 3 hours (120 minutes) session, and even a higher percentage when matched with an appropriate session time setting less than 3 hours (180 minutes). For those sessions lasting for less than 2 hours (120 minutes), environment temperature of 20?C can also guarantee the same high percentage of accuracy, with shorter the lasting time, higher the percentage. Also another thing worthwhile noting is that 20? C clearly beats 23. 5? C when sessions are less than 1. 5 hours (90 minutes). In conclusion, higher performance may be achieved when classroom temperature ranging between 20 to 23. 5? C. Also limitations of the whole experiments exist, such as the weakness of experiment samples in representing the general students, considering they were all NUS students.

The Crucible- Fear Causes Irrationality

Fear Causes Irrationality A government requires very delicate balances; the slightest disturbance will cause it to come crashing down. For example, governments must have a balance between their values and their desire to make things happen. In 1933 Germany’s balance was disrupted when Adolf Hitler became chancellor. He tipped the scale away from values and morals, and eventually led to the collapse of a previously great country. Examples can be found throughout history of governments and leaders falling, after their balances are tipped.In Salem, 1692, the balance between fear and rationality was disrupted, causing the collapse of the Salem court and its leaders. In his play, The Crucible, Arthur Miller exhibits how fear causes irrationality and can destroy the credibility of a government through the fall of the Salem court during the witch hysteria. Fear of the Devil, and those who compacted with him, effect each person either directly or indirectly in The Crucible, whether or not they believed in the trials. Those who do not support the court are affected indirectly by the people around them, who are in hysterics and accusing innocent people of witchcraft.John Proctor is disgusted with the religious leaders who are directing the witch trials. Proctor is expressing his thoughts of corruption among them when he exclaims (Miller 1212), â€Å"God is dead! † Proctor is denouncing the church leaders, saying that God is absent, or dead, in their minds and lives. The quote exhibits how the witch trials have affected Proctor. They have caused him to lose what little respect he had for characters affiliated with both the court and the church, such as Hawthorne, Danforth, and especially Paris.The lives of most people in Salem are being monopolized by the fear of witches, and those who are not afraid of the witches are afraid of being accused of witchcraft. Salem is being plagued by fear; this fear is causing the people of Salem to act irrationally and illog ically. At the start of The Crucible Betty Paris is very ill, and Abigail is about to be accused of cursing her in the woods. After Tituba confesses to witchcraft Abigail panics and does the same by proclaiming (1156), I want to open myself! . . . I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus!I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! If a person in Salem is accused of witchcraft and is found guilty they will be hanged. Abigail, in an effort to save herself and place blame upon another’s shoulders, admits to compacting with the Devil and accuses other women of the same. Tituba’s confession shows Abigail a way to save herself from accusations, and Abigail’s example leads the other girls to chime in.It is illogical that by admitting to witchcraft and accusing others Abigail is exonerated of her crimes. It is Abigail’s fear of being punished for a crime she did not commit that drives her to act illogically, by confessing to the crime of witchcraft. The men’s fear of the Devil leads the court to trust Abigail and the other girls, even though they are admitting to the most heinous of crimes. Due to its fear the court is irrationally being lead by a band of scared young girls. Irrational and rash decisions of the Salem court cause its loss of credibility, among important members of the community, and its eventual collapse.Elizabeth Proctor was taken from her home with very little, substantial evidence against her, besides an accusation by Abigail. Proctor, Nurse, and Giles’s wives are arrested in a similar way. They go to the court to present a defense for them. While they are pleading their wives innocence, Hawthorne announces, â€Å"You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. Thi s is a sharp time, now, a precise time,† (1194). The members of the court believe it is a very delicate time in Salem and they need all people to support them to weed out the Devil.Hawthorne is claiming that by providing a defense the men are attacking the court. This illogical reasoning of the court causes the three men of high status to lose all faith in it. At this point during Miller’s play people begin to realize the court is flawed; they see the hysteria has caused more harm to the community then good. This marks the lowest point of the court. The irrational and illogical court no longer is doing its duty to protect its people, but rather it is harming them. Miller explains through his play, The Crucible, how fear spread like a plague during the witch hysteria of 1692.People began to act irrationally due to their fears; this irrationality and illogical reasoning spread through Salem, even into the governing court. The witch hysteria eventually leads to the crash t he court in Salem. Fear of the Devil lights a fire of irrationality and hysteria in Salem that rages throughout the town causing chaos and consuming the governing body until all that is left is ash.? Works Cited Miller, Arthur. â€Å"The Crucible. † 2012. Prentice Hall Literature: The American Experience. Ed, Grand, Wiggins. Boston: Person Lit. 1123-213. Print

Public Sector Economics Essay

In describing the economic advantages and disadvantages of the proposed tax policy change the advantage is that revenues increase substantially from $9,134 billion to $184,807 billion. From a macroeconomic viewpoint, the more money in circulation, the more money the firms will receive. With a greater amount of funds in circulation the more that workers will have in their net income. This concept stimulates the economy as a hole in a revenue approach and cash in circulation. On the contrary, the disadvantage is that the proposed tax rate was increased by 0. 03 percent, the Finance sector was taxed and no one was zero rated besides Agriculture. In viewing the current law of products; the advantage is that the tax rate is slightly lower at 0. 07 percent and all products were exempted from taxes, and zero rated thus receiving money back in terms of a credit. Despite the low revenue there the current tax policy tends to be more efficient. Considering that there are no taxes and credits are being received in terms or revenues. Focusing on the Proposed Law, this would be bias and favorable to the federal government. The federal tax system relies on a number of different types of taxes to generate revenues. Therefore raising the tax rate 0. 03 percent to 0. 10 the federal government is able to have more in revenues. In discussing the Current Tax Law, this would be more favorable to the consumers because of the lower tax rate. As consumers we want to pay less in taxes; lower taxes in turn pushes out the overall demand curve as we demand more goods and services with higher disposable incomes. Supply side tax cuts are aimed to stimulate capital. If successful, the cuts will shift both aggregate supply and demand because the price level for a supply of goods will be reduced, then it leads to an increase in demand for those goods. To label this table horizontal or vertical equity, we would say that the table would be more supportive to vertical equity dependent on proposed or current law. By definition vertical equity, â€Å"is a method of collecting income tax in which the taxes paid increase with the amount of earned income. The driving principle behind vertical equity is the notion that those who are more able to pay taxes should contribute more than those who are not. † In reviewing the table we would agree that the Proposed Law would match well with the vertical approach and horizontal equity would be the explanation of the Current Law system, because there are more zero rated products that offer credits.