Global Warming and its Effects on Society Essay Example for Free

An Earth-wide temperature boost and its Effects on Society Essay An Earth-wide temperature boost or environmental change is characterized as any significant change in the earth’s atmosphere that can continue for an all-encompassing timeframe. An unnatural weather change can cause an expansion in the normal temperature of the lower air. It can have various causes, however the one explanation pinpointed as its motivation is human obstruction, especially the arrival of exorbitant measures of ozone harming substances (EPA, 2006 refered to in YeSeul Kim et al). There are a few ozone depleting substances, similar to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water fume, and fluorinated gases which act like a nursery on earth. Since the circumstance is that there are increasingly ozone depleting substances, at that point there would be a greater possibility of the warmth caught in the earth’s environment. The earth can't work in its current state if there are no happening ozone depleting substances, for example, CO2, CH4, and water fume. This implies without ozone depleting substances, there will be no warmth caught in climate, along these lines, the earth will turn out to be freezing. (NASA, 2002 as refered to in YeSeul Kim et al). Researchers state that they have affirmed that environmental change is brought about by human movement (Scientists state a dangerous atmospheric devation is evident). They have even introduced their discoveries to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington. Proof is that when one ganders at the seas and the softening of the Arctic ice, it rules out one to question that an Earth-wide temperature boost is in reality happening today. It was even uncovered by Tim Barnett of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography that new PC models that can investigate sea temperatures exhibit the most clear sign that an unnatural weather change is as of now occurring (Scientists state a dangerous atmospheric devation is evident). Researchers like Dr. Barnett state undoubtedly that the genuine spot to glance is in the sea. His group has led various temperature readings made by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration so as to ascertain consistent sea warming. This report was distributed after the United Nations Kyoto Protocol made out of 141-country ecological agreement. The US group utilized sun oriented warming and volcanic warming, so as to represent the estimations made. In any event, watching creatures lead these researchers to reason that there are clear impacts on creatures. Different analysts discovered clear consequences for atmosphere and creatures. Ruth Curry of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution uncovered that liquefying ice is presently previously changing the water cycle, which thusly influences sea flows and afterward at long last, the atmosphere. There are additionally dry spells occurring in the west and in Greenland’s ice top which is made out of ice enough to raise ocean levels by seven meters (Scientists state an Earth-wide temperature boost is certain). An ongoing narrative on UK Channel 4 entitled â€Å"The Great Global Warming Swindle† tested the political view that an unnatural weather change is brought about by man-made components. Be that as it may, the film says that the sun that is answerable for the present changes in the Earth’s temperature. The film shows the numerous assessments of researchers and atmosphere specialists that spike a developing dispute to the man-made hypothesis. In any case, these are for the most part speculations. Researchers have advised us that the Sun decides our seasons, and biggerly affects the atmosphere. German and Swiss researchers uncover that there is an expansion in radiation from the sun that outcomes in the current environmental change. (Marshall). There are likewise investigates saying that an Earth-wide temperature boost is an untruth which is spread by the media. They figure that the temperature appraisals of past atmospheres are simply gauges. These have been assessed by researchers who attempt to demonstrate that a dangerous atmospheric devation exists. Some despite everything keep up that a dangerous atmospheric devation is simply one more intrigue to cut Americans down (Global Warming: The Great Lie). At long last, the more significant thing to recollect is the way to support nature when it is changing because of the a dangerous atmospheric devation particularly when there are befuddling data about the genuine status of an Earth-wide temperature boost and how individuals can adapt ready. (All Global Warming is Local-The Politics and Science of Regional Climate Impacts). The greater part of the basic issues that an Earth-wide temperature boost include is the means by which to get ready for these atmosphere changes. The U. N. ’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change discharged Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers which is essentially a political record. Media is utilizing this to outfit more slants among the individuals. (Drinking spree, 2007). This is evidently being altered to comply with the political plan of the UN lawmakers. The archive expresses that â€Å"Changes made after acknowledgment by the Working Group or the Panel will be those important to guarantee consistency with the Summary for Policymakers or the Overview Chapter. † And in any case, the â€Å"continued fast cooling of the earth since WWII is as per the expansion in worldwide air contamination related with industrialization, automation, urbanization and detonating population†. (Reid Bryson, Global Ecology; Readings towards a sane procedure for Man, 1971 as refered to in Bender). WORKS CITED All Global Warming is Local-The Politics and Science of Regional Climate Impacts. Nov. 12, 2007. Recovered January 2, 2008 at: http://www. desmogblog. com/all-an Earth-wide temperature boost is-nearby the-governmental issues and-study of-local atmosphere impacts Bender, John. Man-Made Global Warming Is Politics Not Science. Etherzone. Fen. 12, 2007. Recovered January 2, 2008 at: http://www. prisonplanet. com/articles/february2007/130207Warming. htm Global Warming: The Great Lie. Recovered January 2, 2008 at: http://www. geocities. com/northstarzone/GLOBAL. html Marshall, Andrew. A worldwide temperature alteration: A Convenient Lie. Worldwide Research. Walk 15, 2007. Recovered January 2, 2008 at: http://www. globalresearch. ca/record. php? context=viewArticlecode=20070315 articleId=5086 Scientists state a dangerous atmospheric devation is verifiable. ABC News Online. Recovered January 2, 2008 at: http://www. abc. net. au/news/newsitems/200502/s1306233. htm YeSeul Kim, Erika Granger, Katie Puckett, Cankutan Hasar, and Leif Francel Global Warming: Definition. Recovered January 2, 2008 at:

Experience of Freedom for Euro-American (the White American) from 1865 Essay

Experience of Freedom for Euro-American (the White American) from 1865 to 1900 - Essay Example Note that subjugation finished not due to the beneficent heart of white American slave proprietors. Servitude finished after a harsh and grisly respectful war that cost a huge number of American lives. Servitude just finished after a battle both in military and political terms (going of the Thirteenth Amendment). Lion's share of the white slave proprietors didn't had any desire to end subjection thus, from their perspective liberation is as of now enough for the previous slaves. For the white Americans, opportunity implied the liberation of the slave African Americans and that is as of now all that could possibly be needed opportunity for them thinking about that they were once slaves previously. The meaning of opportunity is verbalized by Garrizon Frazier, a dark priest who reacted what opportunity implies on the grounds that it incorporates the political viewpoint as well as the financial part of opportunity. Opportunity is â€Å"placing us where we could procure the product of our ownâ labor, and deal with ourselves.† The best approach to achieve this was â€Å"toâ have land, and turn it and till itâ by our own labor† (Foner 1983:586). Opportunity additionally incorporates not just liberating from the shackles that the state once authorized yet in addition the equivalent assurance of the laws and the equivalent arrangement of chance in all circles of life. The White Americans anyway differ to this definition considering the past of Black Americans as previous slaves. To them, liberation is now enough for the African Americans as opportunity precisely implied the evacuation of the subjugation of power bondage. Therefore, endeavors by White Americans despite everything kept on disappointing the White Americans in different structures, for example, refusal of the option to cast a ballot, isolation and separation. The initial scarcely any parts of opportunity, for example, â€Å"reaping the product of our ownâ labor, and deal with ourselves [by having] land, and turn it and till itâ by our own labor† was generally simpler to achieve on the grounds that it as it were

Causes and Risk Factors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Causes and Risk Factors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Print Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Causes and Risk Factors By William Meek Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 08, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 06, 2019 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Genetics Brain Structure Life Experiences Societal Factors Lifestyle Factors View All There is no singular cause of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) that has been identified. Evidence has shown that multiple factors are usually at play, influencing the development of GAD.?? Some of the common factors include things like genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, family background, social influence, and life experiences. Verywell / Cindy Chung Genetics Your genetics may play a role in determining whether or not you will develop GAD. As with many other mental and medical health conditions, we can be genetically predisposed for developing certain symptoms. This is the same with generalized anxiety disorder. Technological and methodological advances have allowed researchers to examine the role genes play in the development of GAD in more detail, but the research is still in preliminary stages. Despite this, it has significant implications for anyone who faces  anxiety disorders. We know, for example, that we can have a genetic vulnerability to developing GAD if certain genetic markers have been passed on to us. Vulnerability, in combination with certain environmental factors, can trigger the development of symptoms. Studies have shown that first degree relatives of someone with GAD are more likely to develop mood and anxiety disorders in general, with a specific increased risk for developing GAD. First degree relatives would include family members most closely related to you, such as a parent, sibling, or your child. Finally, women are more prone to anxiety disorders in general. In fact, statistics from the ADAA show that women are actually twice as likely to be impacted by a generalized anxiety disorder. Although the condition typically begins around 30 years old, many of those who are diagnosed are found to have been struggling with symptoms for years before seeing a professional and being properly diagnosed. GAD comes on gradually, with the greatest risk between childhood and middle age. Brain Structure The limbic system is a collection of brain structures that, among other functions, is involved in the regulation of many of our basic emotional reactions. Although it is generally under the control of the thinking part of our brain, it can respond to stimuli on its own as well. The Amygdala The amygdala, in particular, is the part of our limbic system involved in our automatic fear response, as well as in the integration of memory and emotion. Although a lot of research on amygdala function has been focused on anxiety disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there are some patterns of brain structure and function that have presented in research as consistent for patients with GAD. Understanding that the amygdala is an important player in our ability to discern and feel fear, it may not be a surprise that imaging studies of patients diagnosed with GAD show elevated amygdala activity during the processing of negative emotions. It is this heightened activity within the amygdala that researchers believe might influence the inaccurate interpretations of social behavior for patients with GAD. People with GAD may inaccurately perceive a social cue or interaction as threatening when it is not actually threatening. Gray Matter The volume of gray matter is another factor that has been researched in relation to GAD and other anxiety and mood disorders. An increased volume of gray matter at certain locations in the brain has been repeatedly found in GAD patients compared to controls. One area of the brain that consistently shows an increased volume of gray matter in patients with GAD is called the right putamen. Researchers found that a larger volume of gray matter in the right putamen was positively correlated with childhood maltreatment. In other words, the greater the report of childhood maltreatment, the greater the likelihood of increased volume of gray matter in that area of their brain. Life Experiences Although genetic and biologic factors clearly contribute to the development of GAD, a greater percentage of the risk for GAD lies in complex psychological, environmental, and social factors. Experiencing Trauma Mental health researchers have found that trauma in childhood can increase our risk of developing GAD.?? Difficult experiences such as physical and mental abuse, neglect, the death of a loved one, abandonment, divorce, or isolation can all be contributing factors. When we have gone through particularly hard experiences that leave us feeling uncertain, humiliated or apprehensive to trust others, it is understandable that we may become anxious in a variety of situations in the future. People with GAD have difficulty accurately interpreting threats. Experiences or interactions that may seem harmless to most could feel emotionally threatening, dangerous and anxiety-producing for someone with GAD. Interestingly, research has shown that life events that result in specific feelings of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger are reliable predictors of the development and onset of generalized anxiety disorder. It is important for medical and mental health practitioners to gather family and social history, information that can help lead to an accurate diagnosis. Learned Behavior Some behavioral scientists believe that anxiety is a learned behavior, suggesting that if we have a parent or caregiver who demonstrates anxious behavior, we may tend to mirror that same anxious behavior.?? We are learning from caregivers and other important people close to us how to handle challenging, stressful situations. When they model less effective methods of stressful management, we tend to do the same. These early social learning experiences can influence our development of long-lasting anxiety. Societal Factors Of people who are on social media, it has been shown that approximately 30 percent are plugged into social media for 15 hours or more per week. Researchers are finding that the use of social media, particularly in excess, can greatly impact our mental health, sometimes resulting in anxiety and depression. Interacting with others through social media can present us with the same challenges as when we are interacting in people, such as feelings of loneliness, rejection, abandonment, or humiliation. People with GAD are less effective in accurately interpreting social cues and interactions, leaving them to potentially feel a heightened sense of danger or rejection, even when there is no observable threat present.?? Interactions through social media can be interpreted in these same inaccurate ways, possibly even more so when we are, at times, missing essential non-verbal cues in communication such as facial expressions, body language, and tone and exacerbating GAD. Lifestyle Factors Caffeine Using everyday addictive substances like caffeine can heighten feelings of worry or nervousness, contributing to the development of anxiety.?? Our culture tends to ask more and more of us, pushing us to perform, and leaving us to fear feeling left behind, socially, financially, physically or otherwise. Relying on caffeine sources such as coffee, tea, soda and energy drinks can cause some people to feel restless and anxious, especially when used in large quantities. Relationships Our relationships can be a source of great comfort, but also pain. Relationships can be a significant source of anxiety for women, in particular. Women are twice as likely as men to develop GAD. Research has shown that two main factors of anxiety, specifically related to women, were being afraid of and/or humiliated by a current partner or ex-partner. Dangerous and fearful experiences within intimate relationships can influence the development of anxiety. Job Stress Work can be a great source of stress and become a trigger in the development of anxiety.?? Some employers expect extraordinarily high levels of performance and productivity that can threaten our sense of employment security. When looking for work, we can find ourselves competing with many others who are highly qualified and experienced, causing stress related to the ability to provide for ourselves and our families. Career and work-related stress, particularly the loss of a job, can be a significant source of heightened anxiety. In general, the potential for developing anxiety-related conditions is increased during periods of severe and prolonged stressâ€"regardless of source. For example, some people discover they have GAD while going through a challenging life transition such as divorce or loss of a loved one. A Word From Verywell Not all GAD risk factors are in our control, but many are modifiable and manageable. There are effective strategies for coping with trauma and stress. If you think you are at risk or think you have GAD, take a step forward and reach out for assistance. There are professionals and other people willing to help! How Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder Treated?

Summary Of The Movie The Untouchables - 1178 Words

Last week in class, I watched the movie, â€Å"The Untouchables† in class. â€Å"The Untouchables† was about a group of people, who put the infamous criminal Al Capone behind bars. This remarkable group that brought Al Capone down, were called the â€Å"Untouchables† .The movie was filled with many twist in turns, and also many questions it leaves people asking. After watching the movie, there are many questions that come to mind. Like why were so many people were against Eliot Ness, and why would the untouchables risk so much to put Al Capone away. To start off Elliot Ness and his group of untouchables had many people against him. Many of the officers in the police force were on Al Capone’s payroll, so they didn’t want Eliot Ness to investigate the†¦show more content†¦Rickets was a disease that soften the bones, and the milk program allowed many people who would have got this disease, to avoid it all together and stay healthy. A lot of people also liked Al Capone,because he provided the poor people of Chicago with speakeasies. Many of the poor people of Chicago depended on alcohol,and Capone made it easily accessible for them. For his acts of kindness, he never expected to receive anything in return. Al Capone did may things out of kindness, and was always ready to help people who needed help.(Eric Szandzik,N/A for year) Although many people were unhappy with the act being passed,Andrew Volstead, who was the judiciary chairman at the time, defended it by saying that the people didn’t want liquor s old in stores. The American people,were the ones who almost unanimously passed this constitutional amendment. Despite his argument this, the amendment ended up be repealed, and everyone went back to drinking alcohol. Many people were happy with this change, and many thought that it was for the better. When they passed the prohibition law, a lot of problems came in its wake. Al Capone was seen as one of those problems for many people.The passing of this law was seen as a good thing, however since alcohol became legal, Al Capones business would eventually deteriorate.(n/a for author and date) Before the Volstead act was repealed,there were manyShow MoreRelatedThe God of Small Things Book Analysis1593 Words   |  7 Pagesgo with Babu, their father who has left them. When he returns to Ayemenem, Rahel also returns because they have a special bond. Their mother is referred to as Ammu. She raises her children well with structure. Ammu has an affair with Velutha, an untouchable, getting her banished from her home. Velutha is a servant in the Ayemenem home, aand the twins grow to admire him. Mammachi is the twins’ grandmother; she does not talk much, but often plays the violin. 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5 Ways to Deal With Difficult Students

Dealing with constant disruption and misbehavior can make the already-intense demands of teaching all the more challenging. Even the most effective teachers often struggle to choose disciplinary techniques that get the job done. The goal is to spend less time reprimanding difficult students and more time motivating and encouraging your class but this simply isnt possible if you dont have a plan in place for setting expectations and following through. When your behavior management system doesnt seem to be cutting it, keep these tips in mind. Define Expectations Clearly state your expectations for all students and be explicit about what good behavior entails. Your students must understand the consequences of behavior that does not meet expectations and know that they will be held accountable when they do not follow the rules. Get your students to help you write rules for behavior and sign an agreement at the beginning of the year to make them feel more responsible for upholding high standards. Write these out and display them in the classroom. Some rules are universally true in almost all schools. Remember to include expectations about being courteous to others, respecting teachers and school property, and waiting for instructions before acting in your list. Justify Expectations Just as important as setting clear expectations is explaining why expectations are in place. No, you dont have to justify your choices to students but part of your job as a teacher is to help children understand why rules exist both in and out of the classroom. Because I said so, and, Just do it, are not explanations that will help them understand. Teach students that behavioral expectations are not in place simply because you want them to be. Rules for behavior are designed to keep them safe and make school more productive—adhering to them removes the need for discipline and enables healthy relationships between a teacher and their students. Have a constructive conversation with your whole class about why good behavior benefits everyone. Enforce Expectations Once youve laid out expectations, model the behavior you are looking for. Provide a few examples of how to act in different scenarios so that students are clear on what is expected. Only after you have done this can you begin to enforce the rules. Remember: Rules for behavior should not be about what you like. Never tell a student that you like or dont like what they are doing—this implies that good behavior is meant only to please you and nullifies the purpose of rules entirely. When dealing with students who challenge expectations, explain why their behavior is harmful to themselves and others, then work with them to correct it. Never humiliate or publicly scorn a student that is making poor choices. Instead, educate them about how their choices affect the class and be patient as they learn. Try a behavior management plan for routine rule-breakers to track progress and call attention to issues. Praise Good Behavior Behavior management should involve praising good behavior just as much as—if not more—it involves reprimanding students that are out of line. This encouragement is crucial to motivating students. If success is not appreciated, there is little reason to put effort into achieving it. Always notice and lift up students that set good examples for the rest of the class, even if they are just doing what is expected of them. Establish a classroom culture that celebrates good behavior and have a system in place for how students will be recognized when they meet or go above and beyond expectations. Your students will want to be a part of the winners circle and youll find yourself disciplining less when the class sees that hard work doesnt go unnoticed. Stay Calm Frustration and anger are natural responses to stressors like misbehavior but your job as a teacher is to remain cool and collected, during these instances more than ever. Your students count on you to guide them and be a role model even when they are acting out. Take a deep breath and remove yourself (or a student) from any situation where you fear that your emotions will get the best of you. Remember that all children come from very different backgrounds and carry very different baggage, so some might require a good deal of correcting before they catch on. The ultimate way to show a student how you want them to behave is by modeling appropriate behavior and reactions in times of vulnerability. Family Communication is Key Get families involved. There are a number of reasons for a child to misbehave in school that you could never be aware of without help. By communicating your concerns to parents, you may discover that something completely out of your control is affecting a student. Keep families informed about their childs behavior and lean on them for support. Always highlight positive behavior and improvement as well. Choose your words carefully and never pass judgment. Be objective about what you notice and give examples. Parents might feel defensive when you broach this subject—approach the conversation with care so that an agreement can be reached about how to proceed. A student might require accommodations or modifications to be able to meet expectations and families are your greatest resource for understanding these needs.

The History of Policing Free Essays

The history of policing in the United States is broke down into three general eras they are the political era from 1840 to1930, the reform era from 1930 to 1980 and the community era from 1980 to present. As we look at these eras we find that some of the tactics and policies that were effective in one era were quite ineffective in another or in contrast that some tactics that were thought ineffective are now being considered necessary for an effective and productive police force. In the political era officers were appointed by politicians and would remain loyal to those who appointed them. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Policing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this era officers provided several services that would include running soup lines, helping immigrants find jobs and establish themselves, the officers would at times allow new immigrants temporary housing in the station house. The main means of patrolling their beat was on foot. These officers would also live in the neighborhoods that they patrolled this would prove to be both beneficial and detrimental. The beneficial part was that they knew their neighborhood they had a personal stake in maintaining order. The detrimental part was that they had a tendency to keep those who â€Å"did not belong† or â€Å"strangers† out of the neighborhood by using â€Å"Curbstone justice† this often resulted in discrimination. In the reform era the public grow tired of the corruption, brutality and unfairness of police forces and wanted to follow J. Edgar Hoover’s reform of the Bureau of Investigation. Those that wanted these changes became known as â€Å"reformers† and they demanded change, they saw politicians as the problem with policing and wanted to remove the ties between politics and police. These reformers began to get changes made across the country things like civil service exams, making it illegal for an officer to live in the area that he patrolled and making changes to how the chief of police was hired or fired. Changes were also made to the why officers did their jobs and even what their jobs were. Police focused on law enforcement and controlling crime all of the other duties became Social work. This system removed foot patrols and wanted officers to be distant and removed from the communities they served, the belief was that this would enable them to administer the law in an objective manner. In 1967 the â€Å"President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice ratified this orientation: heretofore, Police had been conceptualized as an agency of urban government; the President’s Commission reconceptualized them as part of the Criminal Justice System.† The community era started in the 1980’s however the research that much of this era is based on began in the late 1970’s in places like Flint Michigan were foot patrols were brought back throughout the city. The city even voted twice to raise taxes in order to maintain the foot patrols. The result of the foot patrols were â€Å"reduced fear, increased citizen satisfaction with police and increased morale and job satisfaction of the officers.† Other programs like the â€Å"Safe and Clean Neighborhood Program† in New Jersey had similar success. Research also showed that increasing other types of patrols that focus on police-citizen interactions also had similar results. These studies lead to a new way of policing referred to as community policing. This new tactic put officers back in the communities and changed what was expected of them. Officers were now tasked with maintaining order, negotiating conflicts and solving community problems these tasks require neighborhood and community involvement. Community policing encourages people to bring problems to an officer or to a local police station and gives the officer and the station the ability to devise and implement solutions, it is also a strategy that allows officers to learn what is expected or wanted by their community then gives the officer the ability to deliver results that will meet these expectations. The intension is to deliver on what the community wants and in turn gain the trust and cooperation of the community, this trust and cooperation will in turn reduce crime and gain effective information from the community when needed to solve crime.The history of policing in the United States has gone through several changes since the political era of the 1840’s. With wide spread changes made in the reform era of the 1930’s that took police away from the community and kept them distant from those that they served. It took research conducted in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s to discover that better information on crime and criminals could be obtained by police from citizens and that patrol officers were in the best position to obtain this information. This research has lead to the community policing that we see in today’s police departments. How to cite The History of Policing, Papers

Services Essay Example

Services Essay McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright  © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 2-2 Variations of the Gaps Model Five Service Quality Gaps Variations of the Gaps Model Six Service Quality Gaps Variations of the Gaps Model 13 Service Quality Gaps (Gaps Model gone wild) Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality ? The Customer Gap ? (Sometimes referred to as Gap 5) 2 ? The Provider Gaps: ? Gap 1 – The Listening Gap ? not knowing what customers expect Gap 2 – The Service Design and Standards Gap ? not having the right service designs and standards ? Gap 3 – The Service Performance Gap ? not delivering to service standards ? Gap 4 – The Communication Gap ? not matching performance to promises ? Putting It All Together: Closing the Gaps 2-6 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 †¢ The Customer Gap Chapter 3 – Customer Expectations of Service Chapter 4 – Customer Perceptions of Service 2-7 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 1 – Not Knowing What Customers Expect (The Knowledge Gap) Chapter 5 – Listening to Customers through Research Chapter 6 – Building Customer Relationships Chapter 7 – Service Recovery 2-8 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 †¢ Gap 2 – Not Having the Right Service Quality Designs and Standards (The Service Design and Standards Gap) Chapter 8 – Service Innovation and Design Chapter 9– Customer-Defined Service Standards Chapter 10 – Physical Evidence and the Servicescape 2-9 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 3 – Not Delivering to Service Standards (The Service Performance Gap) Chapter 11 – Employees’ Roles in Service Delivery Chapter 12 – Customers’ Roles in Service Delivery Chapter 13 – Managing Demand and Capacity 2-10 Chapter Conceptual Framework of the Book: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2 Gap 4 – Not Matching Performance to Promises (The Communication Gap) Chapter 14 – Integrated Service marketing Communications Chapter 15 – Pricing of Services 2-11 Objectives for Chapter 2: The Gaps Model of Service Quality ? Introduce the framework, called the gaps model of service quality, used to organize this textbook. Demonstrate that the gaps model is a useful framework for understanding service quality in an organization. ? Demonstrate that the most critical service quality gap to close is the customer gap, the difference between customer expectations and perceptions. ? Show that four gaps that occur in companies, which w e call provider gaps, are responsible for the customer gap. ? Identify the factors responsible for each of the four provider gaps. 2-12 Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-13 The Customer Gap Think about a service you receive. Is there a gap between your expectations and perceptions of that service? We will write a custom essay sample on Services specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Services specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Services specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What do you expect that you do not receive? 2-14 Key Factors Leading to the Customer Gap Customer Gap Customer Expectations ? Provider Gap 1: Not knowing what customers expect ? Provider Gap 2: Not selecting the right service designs and standards ? Provider Gap 3: Not delivering to service standards ? Provider Gap 4: Not matching performance to promises Customer Perceptions 2-15 Gaps Model of Service Quality ? Customer Gap: ? difference between customer expectations and perceptions ? Provider Gap 1 (Listening Gap): ? not knowing what customers expect ? Provider Gap 2 (Service Design Standards Gap): not having the right service designs and standards ? Provider Gap 3 (Service Performance Gap): ? not delivering to service standards ? Provider Gap 4 (Communication Gap): ? not matching performance to promises 2-16 Provider Gap 1 CUSTOMER Customer expectations Perceived Service COMPANY Gap 1: The Listening Gap Company perceptions of customer expectations 2-17 Key Factors Leading to Provi der Gap 1 2-18 Provider Gap 2 CUSTOMER COMPANY Customer-driven service designs and standards Gap 2: The Service Design and Standards Gap Company perceptions of customer expectations 2-19 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 2 2-20 Provider Gap 3 CUSTOMER COMPANY Service delivery Customer-driven service designs and standards Gap 3: The Service Performance Gap 2-21 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 3 2-22 Provider Gap 4 CUSTOMER COMPANY Gap 4: The Communication Gap External Service delivery communications to customers 2-23 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 4 2-24 Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-25 Gaps Model of Service Quality Think about a service that you receive regularly and put yourself in the wish mode. How would you change the service and the way it is provided? 2-26 Gaps Model of Service Quality Think about a service that you receive regularly and put yourself in the wish mode. How would you change the service and the way it is provided? †¢ I wish my oil change service could be done at my home, or where I work, so that I would not have to drive to a specific location and wait in line. †¢ I wish my dry cleaning service would pick up clothes from my home and deliver them to my home. †¢ I wish my bank would allow me to make additional mortgage payments (or, student loan payments) online rather than having to physically go into the bank and execute a teller-assisted transaction. †¢ I wish my gas station would check under the hood of my car like they used to do many years ago. -27 Gaps Model of Service Quality †¢ If you were the manager of a service organization and wanted to apply the gaps model to improve service, which gap would you start with? †¢ Why? †¢ In what order would you proceed to close the gaps? 2-28 Gaps Model of Service Quality If you were the manager of a service organization and wanted to apply the gaps model t o improve service, which gap would you start with? Why? In what order would you proceed to close the gaps? The most efficient way to use the gaps model is to begin with provider gap 1, determining what customer expectations are. This allows the company to concentrate on the factors that will have the greatest impact on improving service quality. Following the gap 1 with gap 2, then gap 3 is the best progression. Gap 2 ideally would result in service design and service standards that are based on gap 1’s findings about customer expectations. Then gap 3, the most complicated gap to close, would be informed by what is found in the first two gaps. 2-29 Gaps Model of Service Quality †¢ Can provider gap 4, the communication gap, be closed prior to closing any of the other three provider gaps? †¢ How? 2-30 Gaps Model of Service Quality Can provider gap 4, the communication gap, be closed prior to closing any of the other three provider gaps? How? Gap 4, which deals with lowering customer expectations, can be closed at any time. While the first three gaps are concerned with raising company performance to meet expectations, gap 4 aims to lower customer expectations to meet perceptions. The two approaches to closing the customer gap operate on different principles and therefore can occur independently. Incidentally, closing gap 4 can be more economical than closing the other gaps. 2-31 Gaps Model of Service Quality Which of the four provider gaps do you believe is hardest to close? †¢ Why? 2-32 Gaps Model of Service Quality Which of the four provider gaps do you believe is hardest to close? Why? Gap 3 is the hardest to close because it requires coordination of all of the human resources issues in a company—training, incentives, communication, hiring, teamwork, and empowerment. Changing any one of these is difficult but changing them all, and getting them coordinated with each other, is extremely challenging. In addition to the employee factors that must be considered in closing gap 3, the customer must be managed. -33 DETERMINANTS OF PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY Ways to Use Gap Analysis ? Overall Strategic Assessment: ? How are we doing overall in meeting or exceeding customer expectations? ? How are we doing overall in closing the four company gaps? ? Which gaps represent our strengths and where are our weaknesses? 2-35 Ways to Use Gap Analysis ? Specific Service Implementation ? Who is the customer? What is the service? ? Are we consistently meeting/exceeding customer expectations with this service? ? If not, where are the gaps and what changes are needed? (Examine gaps 1-4 for this particular service. ) 2-36

International Marketplace Essays - Offshoring, Canada, Free Essays

International Marketplace Essays - Offshoring, Canada, Free Essays International Marketplace Jason Racki English 123 Ms. Gigliotti Term paper The Everyday Effects of the International Marketplace American is increasingly connected to the rest of theworld as a global economy becomes more important. We participate in the international marketplace both as providers of goods and as consumers. How we buy and sell affects us both in terms of what goods we can choose from, but also what jobs are available, and what kinds of industries will come to dominate our economy. One of the most important changes in recent years in our place in the global economy is the dropping of trade barriers with such political moves as the approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This has had an impact on our economy which has filtered down to the everyday lives of our people, both as workers and as consumers. On the one hand, NAFTA has been good in that it has caused the dropping of tariffs by Mexico and Canada, making U. S. goods more affordable in those countries. This has helped to stimulate some areas of the American economy by opening up new markets to sell our products abroad. In urging the passage of NAFTA, the Clinton Administration publications said that NAFTA would increase high wage jobs, boost U.S. growth, and expand the base from which U.S. firms and workers could compete in a world-wide market. It predicted job gains of approximately a million due to increased Mexican exports, and suggested that by 1995 there would be approximately 200,000 more high wage jobs created due to the opening of free markets. The industries most expected to benefit were those dealing in computer technology, machine tools, aerospace equipment, telecommunications equipment, electronics, and medical devices all areas where wages were already 12 per cent higher than the national average (Expanding (1993), 3-5). Such growth in jobs would have an effect on the workers and their communities, giving a boost to both individual wealth and the community itself. These benefits spread outward to other areas of the economy, helping people who have jobs in retail, construction, and oth er areas where workers spend their paychecks. However, there is another effect. As a result of the cheaper labor in Mexico, participation in this part of the international marketplace has led to the loss of many American jobs in certain industries, such as the garment and textile industries. After four years of stability, apparel industry jobs plunged suddenly last year, falling more than ten percent from 945,000 at the end of 1994 to 346,000 in 1995. In addition, 42,000 jobs vanished in the fabrics industry for at total shrinkage of 141,000 jobs. These jobs represented 40 percent of all manufacturing jobs lost in the United States last year (Squeezing (1996), D1). Carl Priestland, an economist for the American Apparel Manufacturers Association, predicted that this year another America will likely lose up to another 50,000 jobs in the industry (Squeezing (1996), D1). These losses especially affect workers in small towns like Pisgah, Alabama, and Granger, Texas. The approximate 100 people let go in Pisgah this year were emotionally devastated. Not only are they seeing their specific jobs disappear, they are also faced with seeing the entire industry vanish from their area, taking their opportunities with it. One example, Martha Smith, who lost her job sewing children's clothes, is now enrolled in a state-sponsored program to learn clerical skills. She is thereby trading a blue-collar position for one which is in a low-paying and overcrowded field. In fact a great many of the over 650 people who lost sewing jobs in Alabama this year are women struggling to support their families (Squeezing (1996), D1). They face a market where they have few skills and little to offer. Given the largely female makeup of the sewing industry, it is unfeasible to try to fit all these displaced workers in the clerical field. And on top of that, when a plant such as the one in Pisgah closes, the entire town and region suffer. Many such towns are dependent on one employer. When that employer leaves for cheaper labor in Mexico, the local economy cannot easily recover. Local merchants lose their customer base; suppliers to the mills lose their markets. In the textile

Patrocinio green card, copatrocinadores y sustitutos

Patrocinio green card, copatrocinadores y sustitutos Para Inmigracià ³n es patrocinador el ciudadano o el residente permanente que solicita los papeles para un familiar para que à ©ste obtenga la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Las personas que patrocinan a sus familiares adquieren unas responsabilidades que duran por aà ±os. La ley permite al patrocinador buscar co-patrocinadores o sustitutos cuando no ingresa la cantidad mà ­nima exigida ni tiene patrimonio suficiente. Puntos Clave: Patrocinio de la tarjeta de residencia Para sacar la tarjeta de residencia por familia es necesario el patrocinio de un familiar.Tipos de patrocinio:Patrocinador: ciudadano o residente que pide a familiarCo-patrocinador: puede ser un familiar pero no es necesario. En este caso, patrocinador y co-patrocinador son responsables conjuntamente del migrante pedido.Patrocinador sustituto: cuando el patrocinador fallece. Solo se admite familiares del migrante o representantes legales del mismo. Obligaciones legales del patrocinador El ciudadano o residente que se convierte en patrocinador es responsable econà ³micamente frente: el gobiernola persona patrocinada, es decir, el inmigrante que ha obtenido la green card porque fue pedida por el patrocinador. Esto quiere decir, por un lado, que si el inmigrante patrocinado recibe un beneficio pà ºblico calificado como means-tested por el gobierno federal, estatal o local, entonces la agencia del gobierno puede reclamar el costo al patrocinador. Y si este no paga, puede demandarlo en corte. Tienen consideracià ³n de beneficios means-tested, entre otros, los siguientes: los cupones de alimentos  (food stamps, en inglà ©s o SNAP), los Ingresos Suplementarios de Seguridad, conocido como SSI por sus siglas en inglà ©s, Medicaid, TANF y el seguro mà ©dico estatal SCHIP. Por otro lado, el inmigrante patrocinado puede exigir al patrocinador que lo mantenga. Y si no cumple, puede demandarlo. Cabe destacar que esta obligacià ³n puede continuar en el caso de green card por matrimonio incluso despuà ©s del divorcio de la pareja.  ¿Por quà © el patrocinador tiene esta obligacià ³n? El patrocinador tiene esta obligacià ³n porque durante el proceso para patrocinar a su familiar firma el documento I-864, tambià ©n conocido como affidavit of support o declaracià ³n de mantenimiento. Este es un documento imprescindible. Si no se firma, no puede seguir adelante la tramitacià ³n. Es necesario destacar que es, en realidad, un contrato entre el patrocinador y el gobierno. Por lo tanto, cualquier acuerdo privado entre el patrocinador y el inmigrante patrocinado a este respecto es nulo. En otras palabras, el patrocinador siempre responde ante el gobierno por los gastos pà ºblicos que el inmigrante cause por utilizar algà ºn beneficio de los considerados como means-tested. En los casos de peticià ³n con ajuste de estatus, el affidavit of support se firma en ese momento. Sin embargo, en los de peticiones a travà ©s del procedimiento consular, esta declaracià ³n de sostenimiento se firma en el momento en el que asà ­ lo solicite el Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).  ¿Cunto dura la obligacià ³n del patrocinador? Esta obligacià ³n dura hasta que el inmigrante patrocinado se convierte en ciudadano estadounidense a travà ©s del proceso que se conoce como naturalizacià ³n o hasta que el inmigrante los 40 crà ©ditos cotizados, es decir, en la mayorà ­a de los casos eso significa llevar aproximadamente 10 aà ±os trabajando. La obligacià ³n del patrocinador deja de existir en el caso que llegue antes  de los 2 anteriores.   Es importante tener en cuenta que en el caso de patrocinador que solicita la green cad para el cà ³nyuge, el divorcio no pone fin a la obligacià ³n, sino que continà ºa hasta que se produzca la naturalizacià ³n del inmigrante o los 40 crà ©ditos cotizados.  ¿Quà © son los co-patrocinadores? En los casos en los que el ciudadano americano o un residente quiere pedir los papeles para un familiar pero no tiene ingresos y/o patrimonio suficiente para el affidavit of support es posible tener co-patrocinadores. La ley permite 2 supuestos. En primer lugar, otro miembro de la familia que reside habitualmente en el mismo hogar que el ciudadano o residente que solicita los papeles. Y en segundo lugar, otra persona que no tiene que ser pariente. Estos son los casos que se conocen como joint-sponsor, por su nombre en inglà ©s. A la hora de firmar el affidavit of support hay que fijarse porque hay variaciones segà ºn la categorà ­a de patrocinador que presenta los papeles, miembro del hogar el patrocinador o co-patrocinador que reside en otro hogar, sea o no pariente. En el caso de que se patrocine a un inmigrante que emigra acompaà ±ado por su familia, puede haber 2 joint-sponsor. En todo caso, cada uno por separado debe ingresar o tener patrimonio suficiente para patrocinar. En los casos en los que se utiliza un joint-sponsor, el patrocinador, es decir, el que pide los papeles para su familiar, debe tambià ©n firmar su propio documento de affidavit of support. Y tanto el patrocinador como el joint-sponsor son responsables econà ³micamente del migrante pedido. Patrocinador sustituto Cuando un ciudadano o un residente solicita los papeles para un familiar y despuà ©s fallece, el proceso puede continuar si se dan 3 requisitos: El documento de peticià ³n que se conoce como I-130 se aprobà ³ ANTES del fallecimientoEl Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) admite que continue la tramitacià ³nOtra persona se compromete a responder econà ³micamente por el inmigrante y firma el affidavit of support. Esta persona serà ­a el patrocinador sustituto. Sin embargo, no cualquier persona puede ser patrocinador sustituto sino que la ley pide que entre à ©ste y el migrante se dà © alguna de las siguientes relaciones: cà ³nyuge, padre, madre, suegro, suegra, hermano/a, hijo/a, yerno, nuera, cuà ±ado/a, abuelo/a o guardin legal del inmigrante. Requisitos para ser patrocinador,  co-patrocinador o patrocinador sustituto Tanto el patrocinador como el joint-sponsor tiene que ser mayor de 18 aà ±os, ciudadano o residente y residir en los Estados Unidos o uno de sus territorios, como por ejemplo Puerto Rico.   Si el ciudadano no se encuentra en esos momentos en Estados Unidos, deber probar que su estadà ­a en otro paà ­s es temporal y que conserva el domicilio en el paà ­s. Frecuentemente, los ciudadanos estadounidenses que residen fuera del paà ­s y deciden regresarse con sus cà ³nyuges extranjeros se encuentran con el problema de que no pueden probar ingresos suficientes para patrocinar, ya que USCIS pide que los ingresos se produzcan en EE.UU. y que se puedan probar mediante la presentacià ³n de las planillas tax returns. Aunque pide un mà ­nimo de un aà ±o y un mximo de tres, deber presentarse uno, dos o tres segà ºn lo que resulte ms conveniente segà ºn las circunstancias personales del patrocinador de la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Theoretical analysis & Critical design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theoretical analysis & Critical design - Essay Example It will argue on the various natures of museums architectural features and whether the status as being an art or artefacts is influenced by taste and designs. Much emphasis will be placed on the museums external features than internal. This will enable the articles point of view to have depth. The museums that will be studied are those that have pre-purpose built features that represent the museums, not the ones that are used in the room somewhere. This will enable the article to bring taste and designs that aerated and the  objectives of this study to light. Museum is an architectural design of its own; with a rich past and typology of its own. The working together of the different aspect of museums architectural designs bring out the overall taste that describes the museum.1 The symbioses of all this activities shore-up the museums image, as a representation of art in that area. It may not come as a surprise as the two most essential modern works of museum theory, practice and cr iticism talk about an architectural image. This book titles Andre Malraux, the museum without walls and Douglas Crimps Un the museum, ruins refer to the opening of museum wrapper, the breaking down of the museums integrity.2 These two books summed the state of museum architecture in the modern era; they represent an attempt to try and break through the boundaries that try to separate the building from existence in terms class and ethic make up. The desire to breakdown the museum architectural fortifications were either literally or figuratively. It represents an indication to inhere the architectural designs of museums around the world, to render its boundaries nonexistent and hence, open the museum to the free flow of activities. The edges of the museums thus represent seclusion from the world’s reality and activities, the walls of the museums. Sign of the walls of museums is both are both it official expression and interface between the museum and the world. The internal pa rts of the museum are where the works of arts hang. The walls of museum act as a representation of the world. They act as protection between the physical world internal worlds.3 The design of the walls is an expression of how the museums walls are made to keep us out while keeps its rich heritage inside the walls. Museum is not just a place where items are displayed but also as a full sense of marvellous construction in the world. The museum is a representation old strong foundation. Museums that are a have survived the test of time are a description of what is the strength. Considering that most museums were made decades ago, and they still maintain the old structures, when museums address themselves in matters of taste they are faced with a dilemma, of what is historical fact affecting their taste right now. When describing the taste of a building whether people define it as being value free, or non partisan, or whether endorsing or contesting a particular pattern of preference th is shows that preference can be relative and absolute depending from your point of view. Taste becomes relative when it shows that a museums taste is just a symbolic description of what is valid to people at a certain time.4 When the structures of people’s language are considered then taste becomes absolute. People can describe a refurbished museum space to either be good, better or the best. When

Folk Songs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Folk Songs - Essay Example Slaves used traditional folk songs as a way to maintain their heritage in the face of not being allowed to read or write. Music has long been recognized as an effective means of passing the oral tradition as the sound and the syntax reinforce the text (Bohlman 15) Often the folk song is invoked to maintain a connection with something that is being lost to the past or to celebrate something happening in the present. They often involve the emotions that surround work such as "Pat Works on the Railway" (Lauter). Workers would sing these work songs as a way to pass the time and effort. Gandy dancers, the men who built and maintained the railroads, had a large volume of folk music that was performed as rhythmic chants to ease their mind from the grueling labor (Sloss Furnaces Presents) Folk music often is closely associated with a cultural group. As the culture changes with time, the folk music evolves with it. Religion has had a close connection with folk music, as churches would sing folk songs reflecting the groups common bond to the church. Poor whites in the south during the early 19th century would gather around camps and sing folk songs that told of, "debt, chain gangs, and deeds of drinking prowess" (Nash et al. 560). Groups that were socially outcast or politically disenfranchised would turn to folk music to maintain a common bond.

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers Could The Fitness Industry Be More Harmful Then Helpful? Introduction Health can be defined as â€Å"the state of being free from illness and injury†. However looking further into the word â€Å"health† gives you synonyms such as â€Å"well-being; fitness; good condition; good shape†. These words generate concepts regarding the relationship of the fitness industry to the sense of well being and good health. Since the First World War the focus on physical fitness has been a primary focus of the Health status and conversation around health issues in Canada and the United States. In Canada Health Canada and The Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and The Food and Drug Administration in the United States, are responsible for the nutritional labels on the food we consume. These labels along with the appropriate food guidelines of nutritional intake are supposed to be the gold standard for an individual to maintain a level of healthy eating one aspect of a healthy lifestyle. With a healthy diet, exercise, and adequate sleep, should in theory, enable a very healthy and long life. But what if the foods, the substances being consumed, aren’t exactly what they said they were? Or what if something marketed with one health goal, losing weight, actually destroyed and damaged your kidneys in the process? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States’ fitness industry’s have become counterproductive to the maintenance of health. One major issue are the regulations and guidelines for nutritional information on products that are directly correlated with the fitness industry, such as protein, Branch-Chain-Amino-Acids, creatine and fat loss products are too relaxed and often go untested[1]. An even greater detriment to the fitness industry is that the people who promote these various fitness supplements on their social media platforms create unrealistic body images and thus further health issues. Body issues and eating disorders further fuel the unregulated supplement industry creating a cyclical beast that may promote health in some but in turn does the opposite in others. What is needed to tame this beast are tighter regulations and standards for supplement products and a system to control the promotion of these â€Å"Instagram stars† and their products. Could the fitness industry ever become an industry worth believing in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONS Currently supplements and health products are governed by Health Canada. The Food and Drug Regulations operate on a â€Å"test if needed† basis rather than on a mandatory food-testing basis. The Food and Drug Regulations have a voluntary submission requirement. The company submits their nutritional label and product information to Health Canada and they ensure it follows the nutritional guidelines of what is allowed in products[2]. If a product makes a claim of either nutrition content or disease risk reduction then the product itself will be submitted for testing to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)[3]. Once submitted to the CFIA they will determine whether the claim of a nutrient value is present in the product so that the label is reporting the correct health contents. Disease reduction is also monitored and measured by CFIA to see if the product claims are accurate i.e. â€Å"Cheerios reduces heart disease†[4]. When determining the safety and the health claims of each product there are a number of critical issues: Industry is responsible for ensuring that nutrition labelling and claims are compliant with the  Food and Drug Regulations  and that label values accurately reflect the nutrient content of the product.A suitable compliance test for the accuracy of declared nutrient values must take into consideration the inherent variability of nutrients in foods and the variability of the laboratory method using appropriate statistical analysis.The  CFIA  compliance action will take into consideration not only laboratory results, but also the health risk to the public, economic loss to consumers, past compliance history of the product and the companys quality control over the manufacturing and labelling processes.[5] Interestingly CFIA and health Canada exempt some foods from this rigorous process and the requirement of having to submit their product for health claims review. Exceptions include meal replacements, nutritional supplements, mineral nutrients and/or amino acids. The United States reviews are conducted by a sub-section of the Food and Drug Administration entitled Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN operates very similarly to the Canadian equivalent, CFIA, in that the majority of testing is done on a random not mandatory basis.   The manufacturers are asked to submit the product test results as outlined in the â€Å"Manufacturers Responsibility† criteria: â€Å"FDAs continuing policy since the 1970s assigns the manufacturer the responsibility for assuring the validity of a product labels stated nutrient values. Accordingly, the source of the data used to calculate nutrition label values is the prerogative of the manufacturer, but FDAs policy recommends that the nutrient values for labeling be based on product composition, as determined by laboratory analysis of each nutrient. FDA continues to recommend the use of the Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC Official Methods used only in the absence of appropriate AOAC validated methods. For each product that is included in a nutrition-labeling database submitted to FDA, the agency requests that the developer include a table identifying proposed analytical methods that were used in the analysis of each nutrient, with accompanying information containing validation of the method used by the onsite or commercial laboratory for the matrix of interest.†[6] However the FDA’s regulations allow for a choice by each manufacturer to use the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them the ability to â€Å"prepare† their numbers. The manufacturer must also comply with Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which breaks down consumables into different classes of nutrients according to the FDA[7]. There are three different classes of nutrients: Class I: are those added in fortified or fabricated foods, these nutrients are vitamins, minerals, protein, dietary fibre, or potassium[8]. Class I nutrients  must be present at 100% or more of the value declared on the label; in other words, the nutrient content identified by the laboratory analysis must be at least equal to the label value[9]. Class II: are vitamins, minerals, protein, total carbohydrate, dietary fibre, other carbohydrate, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that occur naturally in a food product[10]Class II nutrientsmust be present at 80% or more of the value declared on the label[11]. Class III: nutrients include calories, sugars, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium[12]. However, for products such as fruit drinks; juices; and confectioneries; that have sugar content of 90 percent or more of total carbohydrate. To prevent labeling anomalies due in part to rounding, FDA treats total carbohydrate as a Class III nutrient instead of a Class II nutrient[13]. For foods with label declarations of Class III nutrients, the ratio between the amount obtained by laboratory analysis and the amount declared on the product label in the Nutrition Facts panel  must be 120% or less. The label is considered to be out of compliance if the nutrient content of a composite of the product is greater than 20% above the value declared on the label[14]. For example, if a laboratory analysis found 8 g of total fat/serving in a product that stated that it contained 6 g of total fat/serving, the ratio between the laboratory value and the label value would be (8 / 6) x 100 = 133%, and the product label would be considered to be out of compliance. Like the CFIA the FDA have dietary supplements under a different category legislated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994(DSHEA)[15]. These supplements are required to follow these rules outlined below: â€Å"Federal law requires that every dietary supplement be labeled as such, either with the term dietary supplement or with a term that substitutes a description of the products dietary ingredient(s) for the word dietary (e.g., herbal supplement or calcium supplement). Federal law does not require dietary supplements to be proven safe to FDAs satisfaction before they are marketed. For most claims made in the labeling of dietary supplements, the law does not require the manufacturer or seller to prove to FDAs satisfaction that the claim is accurate or truthful before it appears on the product. In general, FDAs role with a dietary supplement product begins after the product enters the marketplace. That is usually the agencys first opportunity to take action against a product that presents a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury, or that is otherwise adulterated or misbranded. Dietary supplement firms must report to FDA any serious adverse events that are reported to them by consumers or health care professionals. Dietary supplement manufacturers do not have to get the agencys approval before producing or selling these products. It is not legal to market a dietary supplement product as a treatment or cure for a specific disease, or to alleviate the symptoms of a disease. There are limitations to FDA oversight of claims in dietary supplement labeling. For example, FDA reviews substantiation for claims as resources permit†[16]. The regulations from the DSHEA actually allow companies to manipulate and alter their product and nutritional labels to secure granting and limit investigation by the FDA or CFSAN. It also creates a system where CFSAN and the FDA are required to go out of their way to find new-to- market products in order to start an investigation process if needed. The FDA states it is committed to working with all interested parties in order to achieve reliable nutrition labeling as economically as possible[17]. The agency acknowledges that following all of the recommendations/guidelines in their manual could pose economic hardships. Therefore, in certain instances, FDA may accept a proposal to â€Å"develop a database† over several years to help defer costs[18]. By deferring the testing even longer this can only add to the problem at hand. Although limited in the previously mentioned areas of inspection, the Canadian and United States systems have a number of successful and positive parameters. Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration both have independent testing bodies. The CFIA and CFSAN both have good, unbiased structures for testing and the type of tests they use are considered industry gold standards. They also have correctly identified the differences in regular â€Å"grocery store† food and what would be considered food from the â€Å"supplement† or â€Å"fitness† industry. The Fitness Industry The fitness industry is an ever-changing entity that has continued to evolve over the past several decades. Following the First World War, especially in Canada, physical fitness started to become an area of focus of government. In the 1950’s in North America the fitness focus was on rhythmic exercises, jumping jacks, calisthenics and the â€Å"Five Basic Exercises† (stretching, sit-ups, back extensions, push-ups, running in place) the first type of circuit training[19]. The hula-hoop was the main trend in fitness selling over 100 million units in the United States. The 1960’s brought us massage belts and diet trends. The massage belts were supposed to massage away fat in unwanted areas, and eating â€Å"healthier† meant drinking diet soda and artificial sugar[20]. The 70’s brought into the fitness industry jazzercise and bodybuilding. Both of these trends would last longer than the decade due to the enigmatic figure behind it, Arnold Schwarzenegger one of the most decorated bodybuilders of all-time[21]. The addition to the 80’s fitness culture was Jane Fonda and her aerobics videos[22]. The 1990’s fitness trends included: Taebo; boot camps; and extremely popular -celebrity workout videos [23]. The boot camp and fitness video trends have definitely stood the test of time as they still are still widely used by fitness participants worldwide. The 21st century heralded in a new attitude of â€Å"Staying fit† including: Pilates, kickboxing and weightlifting exercises for women[24]. The focus switched to heart rate to determine the effectiveness of a workout [25]. The trends of the fitness industry today focus on: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT); the use of social media; and the â€Å"super-hero body†. HIIT programs consist of workouts under the brand of Cross Fit, which is quickly becoming one of the fastest growing fitness trends. It emphasizes strength components interspersed with sprints and long bouts of cardiovascular fitness. Along with intense training like HIIT the industry has started to incorporate and profit from the use of social media. There are YouTube fitness bloggers and now most recently â€Å"Instagram Stars†. Both use social media and have become one of the primary sources of income for todays fitness personality. Blockbuster movies have created the â€Å"ideal† body image modelled after the â€Å" incredibly- in-shape† superheroes such as Superman, Thor, Wonder Woman and Captain America. The presence of social media in the fitness industry although a new phenomena in the last decade, has really exploded in the last 5 years. The creation of highly viewed YouTube content used to reap monetary rewards for the creators, which is why fitness professionals created content on this platform. Now however, it has evolved into something much more. As the fitness industry grows instead of a part-time hobby it has become a lucrative occupation. A individual involved in this industry can include: competing in their respective fields (bodybuilding, weightlifting, Cross Fit, etc.); personal training; online coaching; selling workout plans, nutrition; in person training; sponsors (which can be promoted through their respective social media platforms); and personal business endeavours (clothing lines, supplement brands, operating own gym). All of these add revenue to the individual and are often cyclically attached, so one generates customers for the other. Like with anything the more that see you and your accomplishments the more profitable you can become which is why a person’s social media platforms have become so important in building one’s brand. As mentioned these fitness personalities usually have supplement sponsors as most of these athletes are in the top one percent of all people in terms of body aesthetics and performance. When you are in the top one percent of athletes the nutrition and supplementation you take can give you the slight advantage you need to be just that much better than your opponent creating the dependence on these sponsors by all athletes in this industry. However, as is the case in this primarily unregulated industry they are â€Å"playing† with their health and careers. It is hard to believe that an individual who cares so much about their body would put so little research into what they are taking and more importantly what they are promoting. Fitness Industry Supplements The most often-used supplement for any athlete is protein powder. Having a protein powder supplement allows an individual to increase their protein intake while not upping the rest of the macros (protein, fats, and carbohydrates) in their daily consumption. However, in a recent 2010 study done, by Consumer Reports not-for-profit magazine run by U.S. Consumer Union, of the top 15 brands in the industry[26] found at least one product from each brand tested contained detectable amounts of toxic substances.   The toxic substances included cadmium, arsenic, lead and/or mercury. The three most toxic brands contained heavy metal poisoning over the safe allowable amount[27]. These named companies fought back against the report by taking their product line to NSF a non-profit International non-governmental organization, which conducted their own tests. These products passed NSF’s American National Standard for Nutrition/Dietary Supplements testing but Consumer Reports counters that t here is significant variation between samples in a product line and one passed test doesn’t mean every product is safe. The major concern is that prolonged exposure to heavy metal toxicity can cause body toxicity, which can result in further medical issues down the road[28]. The National Science Foundation is an independent subsidiary of the World Health Organization reports there are still many issues with these testing processes. NSF International has legitimate testing which some companies submitted to for independent testing, but they only scored adequately which is also concerning. T Consumer Reports states that the testing of one product doesn’t mean that all the others would be adequate. The alarming truth of these results of high metal toxicity is consumers dont seem to care continuing to buy the products. Statistics show that in 2012 the supplement industry had revenue of roughly $32 billion US and the industry is trending to grow to about $60 billion US by 2021[29]. According to a registered United Kingdom dietician Maeve Hanan there are some benefits to the consumption of protein supplements. Such benefits include helping athletes hit increased protein requirement goals, it is also highly convenient, and it can often be cost efficient as most athletes get their protein supplements through sponsors[30]. However according to Hanan there are far more cons than pros to consuming this form of protein. She includes: an investigation done by UK Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agencies where eighty four tested brands contained dangerous ingredients including steroids, stimulants and hormones that can cause kidney failures, seizures and heart problems[31]. There is also evidence that the prolonged use of protein can cause osteoporosis and several gastrointestinal diseases[32]. As well, Hanan found that the supplement may not actually contain the level of protein advertised, a product said to be containing seventy percent protein in fact had only seven percent[33]. It appears that the issues Maeve Hanan unearthed in protein supplements could be addressed with better testing by the regulating governments. Protein supplements are not the only supplements that fitness professionals take to build muscle. BCAA’s or Branch Chain Amino Acids have also become a go-to for many of the top one-percenters in the industry. These BCAA’s while promoted as a key fitness component for a healthier life, like protein supplements there are negative side effects that arent publicly acknowledged by the athletes and the companies promoting these products. In a study by Luigi et al. it was shown that decreased BCAA consumption improved metabolic health[34]. While improving the metabolic health of the test subjects it also showed to decrease Body Mass Index (BMI) and decrease fat mass of an individual, a goal of the â€Å"fitness personality† low body fat percentage[35]. Although the BCAA’s in this study was dietary BCAA’s found in food, it still applies here. Companies in this industry promote products like BCAA without doing the research needed to prove their effectiveness., The consumer continues to purchase due to the aesthetically appealing people promoting the product are seen as â€Å"believable†. Beautiful people are trustworthier, right? The product that could potentially be the biggest sham and the most harmful to health, are weight loss products. One of the biggest brands in the weight loss industry is Hydroxycut. In 2008 there was a study of Hydroxycut by the World Journal of Gastroenterology analyzing its toxicity. They performed a case study with two confirmed users of Hydroxycut and the symptoms they showed when admitted to hospital. They compiled the results from the two current cases and from the previous literature written about the product and found that there was a correlation between prolonged use of Hydroxycut and heptatoxicity[36]. Both of these test subjects and previous cases exhibited that the prolonged use of this product eventually lead to hepatitis and other liver health issues. The absence of testing of the product that falls under the supplementation guidelines led to negative health implications. Although governments have guidelines, they allow products to avoid testing until after they are on market, which is often too late. Social Media and The Fitness Industry One of the leading researchers in Health Law and particularly this area of Fitness and Social Media is Professor Timothy Caulfield. Professor Caulfield has written numerous books on this subject including The Cure For Everything: Untangling The Twisted Messages About Health Fitness and Happiness and Is Gwenyth Paltrow Wrong About Everything. Both of these books discuss the popular health trends, whether they are diet or fitness trends, and how celebrities promote these. Some of the trends consumers have been following even though there is no scientific evidence of their efficacy. These include:   Juice Cleanses, Colon Cleanses and Gluten Free diets. While juicing has no negative side effects it has also been shown to do no good as it is not a more effective way to get the nutrition from fruits and vegetables and does not flush toxins from the body[37]. Now a trend like colon cleanses while they may make you feel lighter they can actually be quite harmful to the body by causing naus ea vomiting and even infection[38]. Going gluten free is a trend that has really taken off but again no scientific proof that eliminating gluten has any health benefits, while actually some studies have shown that going gluten free can actually lead to weight gain[39]. So why would consumers buy into these fads if there is no scientific proof behind them? The answer is simple because celebrities promote them, and the consumers have no reason not to believe them. Celebrity endorsement might just be the biggest negative in the fitness industry. If there are fitness icons or personalities who promote an untested product it causes the same issue as the diet trend promotions. However in the case of health products promoted by these fitness personalities it is much more harmful due to the elevated heavy metal present in the products. The promotion of these unregulated products is also tied into the celebrity’s unrealistic bodies. Many people forget that these people have full-time jobs devoted to looking amazing. These celebrities are seen as the definition of being healthy and attractive so if one doesnt look like them can create serious body image issues. Instagram is quickly becoming the most popular form of social media. This app has been noted to sharing over 40 billion photos since its creation with about 80 million a day[40]. The purpose of the app is to curate and edit photos and posts with how we want the public to â€Å"view† that particular user. This creates a potentially dangerous atmosphere to those who may be susceptible to an eating disorder. Users need to be educated that users of Instagram may utilize filters, angles and lighting to look as desirable as possible distorting the real image[41]. This not only creates a false reality for the followers of that user but for that user themselves[42]. According to Crystal who is a Masters Level Registered Dietician and a Certified Intuitive Eating Counselor there are certain things to monitor when using Instagram in order to protect against negative self-image, eating disorder, or body issues: What Kind of accounts are you following?Are you preoccupied with food and or/fitness on Instagram in a way that is obsessive or unhealthy?Do you find yourself following certain diet trends or dieting recommendations because of someone or something you found on Instagram?[43]   Instagram personalities not only promote or influence diet trends they also endorse unregulated supplement products, which can add to unhealthy choices. In response Instagram has been tagged with â€Å"creating its own eating disorder†.   According to University College London states that Instagram is the leading cause of Orthorexia Nervosa[44]. Orthorexia Nervosa is an illness focused on an obsession with eating healthy. Symptoms can include: eating excessive fruits and vegetables; cutting out certain food groups; and excessively exercising[45]. While this may seem like just healthy lifestyle choices this illness is related to the severity of the dietary restrictions, leading to malnutrition and social isolation[46]. The reasons given for the Instagram connection is the people followed expose the follower to a extreme health pictures, and social media personalities are seen as authority’s on health and appearance[47]. The Supplementation of the Regulations There are clear issues today that stem from the growth of the fitness industry, but there doesn’t have to be. In the United States and Canada there exists already a structure to properly test all of the supplements that go to market, before the product is released. It is clear that the methods of testing and the standards for this industry are sound, but just not fully implemented. However there should be a complete ban on products leading to heavy metal poisoning.   The amount of testing for each product would increase significantly industry standard of 10 there will need to be an increase of jobs to accommodate for the amount on tests for each product and the amount of lead case workers. Government may consider a number of issues when considering implementing changes: the creation of government jobs versus the lost jobs from supplement companies who can’t comply with new proposed industry standards; the inevitable burden of unhealthy citizens versus a healthier coun try with healthier citizens. Companies like BioTrust seem to be one of the industry standards for the production of healthy products. Tim Skwiat and Shawn Wells directors at BioTrust endorse: Right way: the right people who are formulators (use the right ingredients that work the best rather than look good)Cost of ingredient and the product will be higher because they do studies on the ingredients (healthy human studies, in peer reviewed journals)Take the stuff that we know works and make a product from that.Ingredients are natural (no soy product)Ingredient testing (they never stop testing and letting the product out of their hands)[48] While changing the regulations and possibly the growth of a company like BioTrust will help change the supplementation industry for the better, there doesn’t seem to be a simple fix for the social media issue. There has been extensive research on the relationship to food restrictions at a young age and developing an eating disorder or becoming overweight later in life. According to a study done by Eisenberg & Neumark-Sztanier a survey of adolescents in grades 7–12, 30% of girls and 25% of boys reported teasing by peers about their weight. Such teasing has been found to persist in the home as well  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  29% of girls and 16% of boys reported having been teased by a family member about their weight[49]. Neumark-Sztainer also co-wrote a paper on the effect of this teasing on the children which increases their chances of 1.5 to develop a form of an eating disorder[50]. These trends however are not limited to children being teased it also stems into the perceived norms from social culture or mainstream media. According to a study by Abramovitz & Birch children learn (unhealthy) mainstream attitudes towards food and weight at a very young age, this study looked at five-year-old gi rls and a significant proportion of girls associated a diet with food restriction, weight-loss and thinness[51]. There needs to be more education from the governments around food and healthy ways for kids to eat, which is simply without rigid structure. The rigidity adds to the desire to get attractive or stay thin with extra presence from mainstream culture or social media (Instagram) which encourages the excessive use of supplementation which ends up often making the individual even more unhealthy. This has become a very cyclical and overwhelming problem which needs to be addressed by the governing bodies. If the new structure can’t be implemented then simple education could go a very long way. There needs to be a priority of everyone in the â€Å"industry† to instead of coercing people to get fit, get them healthy instead. Bibliography Abramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Five-year-old girls’ ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers’ dieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10),    1157-1163. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, â€Å"Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test† (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online: . Danielle Isbell, â€Å"Fitness Trends of the Last Six Decades† (4 June 2015), Spry Living (blog), online: . David Lariviere, â€Å"Nutritional Supplements Flexing Muscles As Growth Industry† (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog), online: . Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994). Eisenberg, M. E. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing and Emotional Well-Being Amond Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. Food and Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012). â€Å"How Instagram can encourage eating behaviour disorders†, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online: . Ian Kenney, â€Å"Protein Powder Toxicity† (3 October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Lauren Pelley, â€Å"Timothy Caulfield debunks celebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses†, (8 January 2015), The Star (Newspaper), online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & Joseph Lim, â€Å"Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity: A Case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements† (2008) 14:45 World J of Gastroenterology 6999. Luigi et al. â€Å"Decreased consumption of branch chain amino acids improves metabolic health.† (2016) 16:2 HHS Public Access 520, online: . Maeve Hanan, â€Å"Protien Supplements: Weighing up the Pros and Cons†, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog), online: . Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolesecents. American Jounral of Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369. Office of Dietary Supplements, â€Å"Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance† (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites), online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Skwiat, Tim Wells, Shawn. â€Å"The Truth About Supplements† (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast). Vanessa Chalmers, â€Å"Is Instagram making you sick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and #fitness inspiration can drive you to an eating disorder.†, (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper), online: . [1] Office of Dietary Supplements, â€Å"Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance† (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites), online: . [2] Supra note 1. [3] Canadian Food Inspection Agency, â€Å"Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test† (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online: . [4] Supra note 3. [5] Supra note 3. [6] Supra note 3. [7] Food and Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012). [8] Supra note 7. [9] Supra note 7. [10] Supra note 7. [11] Supra note 7. [12] Supra note 7. [13] Supra note 7. [14] Supra note 7. [15] Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994). [16] Supra note 15. [17] Supra note 15. [18] Supra note 15 [19] Danielle Isbell, â€Å"Fitness Trends of the Last Six Decades† (4 June 2015), Spry Living (blog), online: . [20] Supra note 19. [21] Supra note 17. [22] Supra note 17. [23] Supra note 17. [24] Supra note 17. [25] Supra note 17. [26] Ian Kenney, â€Å"Protein Powder Toxicity† (3 October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online: . [27] Supra note 24. [28] Supra note 24. [29] David Lariviere, â€Å"Nutritional Supplements Flexing Muscles As Growth Industry† (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog),   online: . [30] Maeve Hanan, â€Å"Protien Supplements: Weighing up the Pros and Cons†, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog), online: . [31] Supra note 28. [32] Supra note 28. [33] Supra note 28. [34] Luigi et al. â€Å"Decreased consumption of branch chain amino acids improves metabolic health.† (2016) 16:2 HHS Public Access 520, online: . [35] Supra note 32. [36] Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & Joseph Lim, â€Å"Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity: A Case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements† (2008) 14:45 World J of Gastroenterology 6999. [37]Lauren Pelley, â€Å"Timothy Caulfield debunks celebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses†, (8 January 2015), The Star (Newspaper), online: . [38] Supra note 35. [39] Supra note 35. [40] â€Å"How Instagram can encourage eating behaviour disorders†, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online: . [41] Supra note 38. [42] Supra note 38. [43] Supra note 38. [44] Vanessa Chalmers, â€Å"Is Instagram making you sick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and #fitness inspiration can drive you to an eating disorder.†, (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper), online: . [45] Supra note 42. [46] Supra note 42. [47] Supra note 42. [48] Skwiat, Tim Wells, Shawn. â€Å"The Truth About Supplements† (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast). [49] Eisenberg, M. E. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing and Emotional Well-Being Amond Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. [50] Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolesecents. American Jounral of Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369. [51] Abramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Five-year-old girls’ ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers’ dieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10), 1157-1163.

Winn Dixie

William Milton Davis and his four sons founded Winn-Dixie in 1925 in Miami, Florida. On February 18, 1952, Winn Dixie became the first Florida-based industrial corporation listed on the NYSE. In 2005, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in â€Å"an effort to address financial and operational challenges that had hampered its performance. † (NYTimes. com) Winn Dixie was having a difficult time trying to overcome competitors, such as Wal-mart, that had blanketed crucial markets, such as Florida. In March 2012, Winn Dixie became a wholly owned subsidiary of BI-LO, another Southeastern supermarket chain, who took over Winn Dixie’s headquarters in Jacksonville, Florida. Currently, Winn Dixie operates more than 480 stores and 380 in-store pharmacies in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi, employing approximately 63,000 individuals. Management Style Winn Dixie stores operate individually in that they all have their own general manager who is in charge of that store. This person is â€Å"responsible for deciding how to create a competitive advantage and achieve high profitability with the resources and capital they have at their disposal. † (pg. 9) The general manager hires functional managers who are responsible for the various departments (ie deli, pharmacy, dry goods, bakery, etc). Functional managers are responsible for â€Å"the specific business functions or operations that constitute a company or one of its divisions. (pg. 11) Therefore, the general manager looks at how the store as a whole is doing and pinpoints areas that need improvement. The GM then tells the functional managers what goals they need to achieve for their specific departments. The functional managers then need to develop a strategic plan in order to get their team to achieve those goals. An example: The GM is alerted to the fact that the customer service is not up to par. They would inform the customer service manager of this fact, and the customer service manager would decide how to get the team to improve customer service. Perhaps an incentive plan that rewards positive customer feedback or better training may be necessary. After a set period, customer service will be re-evaluated to determine if the changes were positive or negative and what can be done to continue improvement.